Albinism occurs when one or several genetic defects prevent the body from producing or distributing melanin—the natural pigment responsible for coloring the hair, skin, and eyes. Also known as the photoprotective pigment, melanin absorbs ultraviolet light, thereby preventing skin damage and contributing to normal vision development. As an inherited disorder, albinism is characterized by a deficiency of this crucial pigment.

It is commonly believed that individuals with albinism have white skin and red eyes. However, there are two main categories of albinism. Oculocutaneous albinism affects the skin, hair, and eyes, while ocular albinism primarily affects the eyes. People with albinism exhibit a range of skin tones, and their eye colors can vary from gray to blue or brown.

Vision problems such as farsightedness, nearsightedness, and astigmatism are common in individuals with albinism. Although corrective glasses can improve vision, they often do not restore it to normal levels. The lack of melanin results in less clear vision and reduced depth perception.

In addition to vision challenges, albinism frequently leads to skin issues. Many affected individuals suffer from sunburns that can increase the risk of developing skin cancer, making proper skin protection essential.

The incidence of albinism is particularly high in Equatorial Africa. In these regions, individuals with albinism often face either indifference or prejudice from their communities. Deep-rooted superstitions may associate the condition with both good and bad omens, forcing many people with albinism to live in hiding.

Furthermore, the scarcity of economic resources in many African countries hinders the empowerment and education of individuals with albinism. Many are forced to leave school at an early age, and the cost of necessary items—such as glasses for reading—remains prohibitively high for most.

In villages where traditional beliefs are especially strong, the challenges are even greater. A severe lack of information about albinism and limited resources often compel those affected to work outdoors, where exposure to sunlight further exacerbates their health issues.

Even those who manage to move to cities may experience only partial relief. Although urban environments can offer improved physical well-being and social opportunities, individuals with albinism frequently continue to endure stigma and mockery.