Albinism occurs when one or more genetic mutations prevent the body from producing or distributing melanin—the natural pigment responsible for coloring the hair, skin, and eyes. Also known as a photoprotective pigment, melanin absorbs ultraviolet light, helping to prevent skin damage and playing a vital role in the development of normal vision. As an inherited condition, albinism is characterized by a deficiency or absence of this essential pigment.

It is commonly believed that individuals with albinism have white skin and red eyes. However, there are two primary types of albinism. Oculocutaneous albinism affects the skin, hair, and eyes, while ocular albinism mainly impacts the eyes. People with albinism can exhibit a range of skin tones, and their eye color may vary from gray or blue to brown.

Vision problems such as farsightedness, nearsightedness, and astigmatism are common among individuals with albinism. Although corrective lenses can improve eyesight, they rarely restore it to normal. The lack of melanin results in less visual clarity and reduced depth perception.

In addition to vision challenges, albinism often leads to skin issues. Many affected individuals suffer from severe sunburns, increasing their risk of developing skin cancer. As a result, proper skin protection is essential.

The incidence of albinism is particularly high in equatorial Africa. In these regions, individuals with albinism often face indifference or outright prejudice from their communities. Deep-rooted superstitions may link the condition to both good and bad omens, forcing many people with albinism to live in isolation.

Moreover, the lack of economic resources in many African countries hinders the empowerment and education of individuals with albinism. Many are forced to drop out of school at an early age, and the cost of essential items—such as prescription glasses—remains out of reach for most.

In villages where traditional beliefs are especially strong, the challenges are even more severe. A serious lack of awareness about albinism, combined with limited resources, often compels those affected to work outdoors, where sun exposure further aggravates their health issues.

Even those who manage to move to urban areas may find only partial relief. While cities can offer better healthcare and educational opportunities, individuals with albinism frequently continue to face stigma, discrimination and mockery.